Scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) have used new techniques to create a composite that they claim increases the current capacity of copper wires, providing a new material that can be scaled for use in ultra-efficient, power-dense EV traction motors.

The research is aimed at improving the performance and life of components such as electric motors and power electronics. The material can be deployed in any component that uses copper, including more efficient bus bars and smaller connectors for EV traction inverters, as well as applications such as wireless and wired charging systems.

To produce a lighter-weight conductive material with improved performance, ORNL researchers deposited and aligned carbon nanotubes on flat copper substrates, which they say resulted in a metal-matrix composite material with better current handling capacity and mechanical properties than copper alone.

Incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a copper matrix to improve conductivity and mechanical performance is not a new idea. CNTs are a popular choice due to their lighter weight, extraordinary strength and conductive properties. But past attempts at composites by other researchers have resulted in very short material lengths, only micrometers or millimeters, along with limited scalability, or in longer lengths that performed poorly.

The ORNL team decided to experiment with depositing single-wall CNTs using electrospinning, a commercially viable method that creates fibers as a jet of liquid speeds through an electric field. “The technique provides control over the structure and orientation of deposited materials,” explained Kai Li, a postdoctoral researcher at ORNL. In this case, the process allowed scientists to successfully orient the CNTs in one general direction to enhance the flow of current.

The team then used magnetron sputtering, a vacuum coating technique, to add thin layers of copper film on top of the CNT-coated copper tapes. The coated samples were then annealed in a vacuum furnace to produce a highly conductive Cu-CNT network by forming a dense, uniform copper layer and to allow diffusion of copper into the CNT matrix.

Using this method, ORNL scientists created a copper-carbon nanotube composite 10 centimeters long and 4 centimeters wide. The microstructural properties of the material were analyzed using instruments at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences at ORNL.

In their paper, which was published in ACS Applied Nano Materials, the researchers claim the composite reached 14% greater current capacity, with up to 20% improved mechanical properties, compared with pure copper.

Lead Investigator Tolga Aytug said, “By embedding all the great properties of carbon nanotubes into a copper matrix, we are aiming for better mechanical strength, lighter weight and higher current capacity. Then you get a better conductor with less power loss, which in turn increases the efficiency and performance of the device. Improved performance, for instance, means we can reduce the volume and increase the power density in advanced motor systems.”

“While the new composite breakthrough has direct implications for electric motors, it also could improve electrification in applications where efficiency, mass and size are a key metric,” Aytug said. “The improved performance characteristics, accomplished with commercially viable techniques, means new possibilities for designing advanced conductors for a broad range of electrical systems and industrial applications.”

The ORNL team is also exploring the use of double-wall CNTs and other deposition techniques such as ultrasonic spray coating coupled with a roll-to-roll system to produce samples of some 1 meter in length.

“Electric motors are basically a combination of metals—steel laminations and copper windings,” noted ORNL Program Leader Burak Ozpineci. “To meet DOE’s 2025 EV targets and goals, we need to increase the power density of the electric drive and reduce the volume of motors by 8 times, and that means improving material properties.”

Source: ORNL